Greeks and Romans
What constitutes courage for the Greeks and Romans?
In what sorts of situations can an individual be described as courageous?
What aspects of a person’s character contribute to their courage ?
What actual conditions, especially of military training and organization, contribute to the courage of Roman soldiers in battle? And how, in practical terms, was valorous behavior encouraged, and cowardly behavior discouraged or indeed punished?
In what sorts of ways do Greek and Latin authors characterize these concepts, especially metaphorically?
What is the relationship of courage to notions of ‘manliness’?
Does the ancient world have a concept of moral courage?
